Без заголовка

5.4.2 Integrated approach In the integrated approach a common form shall be used to represent the exchanged entities. This common form shall be sufficiently expressive to capture those details that affect interoperability of the items to be exchanged, rather than the process or system as a whole. The common form is not necessarily an International Standard, but needs to be agreed by participating enterprises in order to elaborate these entities and build systems accordingly. EXAMPLE Examples of developing interoperability using an integrated approach are ISO 10303, ISO 19440 and OASIS/UNCEFACT ebXML The integrated approach assures consistency and coherence of the interoperating subsystems by focusing on the components that need to interact. These components are then designed and implemented using a common form (or standard) so that interoperability is seen as a designed-in quality. Interoperation between these various components is therefore obtained a priori without any interfacing effort. Subsystems that are integrated in this way have distinct and individual structure, behaviour, or boundaries, but their combined behaviour is perceived to be as one entity and is achi eved by collaboration and coordination through the use of the common form. 5.4.3 Unified approach In the unified approach, a common meta-model, which is applicable for the participating entities and used as a common reference to map existing models’ syntax and semantics, shall be identified and detailed. This meta-model provides at least a reference vocabulary, but could be a complete ontology. Such a meta-model is not an executable entity. Instead, it s hall provide a means for semantic equivalence to enable mapping between entities. Using this meta-model, a translation between the constituent entities is then possible. However, that translation might involve the loss of some informati on because the participating entities can have different extensions or instantiations of the same meta-model. NOTE 1 The unified approach is particularly suitable when developing interoperability for collaborative or networked enterprises. To be interoperable with networked business partners, a new company maps its own model or system to the neutral meta-model without the necessity to make changes on its own model or system. This approach has an advantage over the integrated approach because of the reduced efforts, time and cost in implementation. It is also suitable for a situation where a large company needs to interoperate with SMEs. Normally an SME works with more than one large company; to interoperate with different companies, the unified approach can be a suitable solution in that it facilitates coordination without requiring conformance to potentially conflicting processes or environments. NOTE 2 In the re-engineering situation, syntactic alignment can be achieved through a unified approach that uses a mapping function to create missing elements of the exchange items, but semantic alignment between partners can be very difficult. Therefore, re-engineering is more applicable to developing intra-enterprise interoperability. В следующем комменте как раз federated будет.